1. Quantum computing is an emerging technology that harnesses the principles of quantum mechanics to process information. Unlike classical computers that use bits (0s and 1s), quantum computers use quantum bits or qubits, which can exist in multiple states simultaneously due to a phenomenon called superposition. This property, along with quantum entanglement, allows quantum computers to perform certain calculations exponentially faster than classical computers. While still in its early stages, quantum computing has the potential to revolutionize fields such as cryptography, drug discovery, and complex system modeling. However, significant challenges remain in scaling up quantum systems and maintaining their delicate quantum states. What is a key difference between quantum computers and classical computers, according to the passage?

2. The "Hawthorne effect" is a type of reactivity in which individuals modify an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed. The effect was first described in the context of a research experiment at the Hawthorne Works factory near Chicago in the late 1920s and early 1930s. The researchers were investigating whether workers would become more productive in higher or lower levels of light. The workers' productivity seemed to improve under observation, regardless of the lighting conditions, leading researchers to conclude that the workers' knowledge of being observed was influencing their behavior. This effect has important implications for research methodology, particularly in the social sciences, as it suggests that the very act of studying a phenomenon can alter the phenomenon itself. According to the passage, what is the primary characteristic of the Hawthorne effect?

3. The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century revolutionized the spread of information in Europe. Before this invention, books were handwritten and expensive, making them accessible only to the wealthy and educated elite. The printing press allowed for mass production of books, leading to increased literacy rates and the dissemination of new ideas. Which of the following best describes the impact of the printing press, according to the passage?

4. The Industrial Revolution was a period of major industrialization and innovation that took place during the late 1700s and early 1800s. It began in Great Britain and quickly spread throughout Western Europe and North America. This revolution saw a shift from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. It brought about significant social changes, including urbanization and the rise of the working and middle classes. What was a key outcome of the Industrial Revolution, according to the passage?

5. The theory of plate tectonics states that the Earth's outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle, the rocky inner layer above the core. This theory explains the formation of mountains, earthquakes, and volcanoes. According to the theory, plates interact with each other in three ways: diverging, converging, and transforming. What is the main idea presented in this passage?

6. Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think and learn like humans. AI encompasses various technologies, including machine learning, natural language processing, and computer vision. As AI continues to advance, it is being applied in diverse fields such as healthcare, finance, transportation, and entertainment. While AI offers numerous benefits, including increased efficiency and the potential to solve complex problems, it also raises ethical concerns about privacy, job displacement, and the potential for bias in decision-making algorithms. The development of AI technology requires careful consideration of its societal impacts and the establishment of guidelines for its responsible use. What is a potential benefit of AI mentioned in the passage?

7. The theory of relativity, developed by Albert Einstein, describes the relationship between space and time and how they are perceived by observers in different frames of reference. It consists of two interrelated theories: special relativity and general relativity. Special relativity applies to all physical phenomena in the absence of gravity, while general relativity explains the law of gravitation and its relation to other forces of nature. What is the main subject of the theory of relativity, according to the passage?

8. The concept of "growth mindset," developed by psychologist Carol Dweck, proposes that individuals who believe their talents can be developed through hard work, good strategies, and input from others (a growth mindset) tend to achieve more than those who believe their talents are innate gifts (a fixed mindset). This theory suggests that praising effort and process ("You worked really hard") rather than innate ability ("You're so smart") can help foster a growth mindset. Research has shown that students with a growth mindset are more likely to embrace challenges and persist in the face of setbacks. According to the passage, which approach is more likely to foster a growth mindset?

9. Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of the world's economies, cultures, and populations, brought about by cross-border trade in goods and services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and information. While globalization has led to increased economic growth and cultural exchange, it has also been criticized for exacerbating inequality and eroding local cultures. What does the passage suggest is a potential negative consequence of globalization?

10. The theory of evolution by natural selection, proposed by Charles Darwin in the 19th century, is the foundation of modern biology. It states that organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits. These changes allow organisms to adapt to their environment for better survival and reproduction. The theory explains the diversity of life on Earth and provides a scientific explanation for the history of life. While the basic principles of evolution are well-established, ongoing research continues to refine our understanding of evolutionary processes. What is the main mechanism of evolution described in this passage?