1. The Flynn effect refers to the substantial and long-sustained increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligence test scores measured in many parts of the world over the 20th century. This phenomenon was named after James R. Flynn, who did much to document it and promote awareness of its implications. The exact causes of the Flynn effect are still debated, but proposed explanations include improved nutrition, better education, greater environmental complexity, and in some cases, improved test-taking skills. What does the Flynn effect primarily describe?

2. The Industrial Revolution, which began in the late 18th century, marked a major turning point in Earth's ecology and humans' relationship with their environment. The onset of the Industrial Revolution led to a population explosion and urbanization, resulting in the depletion of natural resources and increased pollution. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of this passage?

3. The human microbiome refers to the trillions of microorganisms, primarily bacteria, that live in and on the human body. These microorganisms play crucial roles in various aspects of human health, including digestion, immune function, and even mental health. Recent research has shown that the composition of the microbiome can be influenced by factors such as diet, lifestyle, and antibiotic use. Understanding the microbiome has opened up new avenues for medical research and potential treatments for various conditions. However, the complexity of the microbiome and its interactions with the human body present challenges for researchers. What does this passage suggest about the relationship between humans and microorganisms?

4. Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organism's activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water. Oxygen is released as a byproduct of this process. What is the primary function of photosynthesis, according to the passage?

5. Biodiversity refers to the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem. It is often understood at three levels: genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity. Biodiversity is crucial for the functioning of ecosystems, providing services such as pollination, nutrient cycling, and climate regulation. However, human activities such as habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change are causing a rapid decline in global biodiversity. What does the passage suggest is a major threat to biodiversity?

6. The Anthropocene is a proposed geological epoch that suggests humans have become the primary driver of change in the Earth's geology and ecosystems. This concept argues that human activities, such as urbanization, deforestation, and the emission of greenhouse gases, have had such a significant impact on the planet that they warrant the designation of a new geological time unit. The exact start date of the Anthropocene is debated, with proposals ranging from the beginning of agriculture to the mid-20th century, marked by nuclear weapons testing. While not yet officially recognized by the International Commission on Stratigraphy, the concept of the Anthropocene has sparked important discussions about humanity's relationship with the natural world and our responsibility for environmental stewardship. According to the passage, what is the main idea behind the concept of the Anthropocene?

7. Despite its name, the koala is not a bear. It is a marsupial, related to kangaroos and wombats. Koalas are found in the eucalyptus forests of eastern Australia, where they feed almost exclusively on eucalyptus leaves. These leaves are toxic to most animals, but koalas have a specialized digestive system that allows them to detoxify the leaves. Based on this passage, which of the following statements is most likely true?

8. The concept of emotional intelligence, popularized by psychologist Daniel Goleman, suggests that our ability to understand and manage emotions greatly impacts our success in life. This theory proposes that emotional intelligence is just as important as, if not more important than, traditional measures of intelligence like IQ. Emotional intelligence encompasses skills such as self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a component of emotional intelligence?

9. The Great Barrier Reef, located off the coast of Australia, is the world's largest coral reef system. It is composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over 2,300 kilometers. The reef is home to a diverse array of marine life and is visible from outer space. However, climate change and ocean acidification pose significant threats to its survival. What is the primary purpose of this passage?

10. The human genome consists of approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA. While this may seem like a large number, it's estimated that only about 1-2% of the genome actually codes for proteins. The rest, once referred to as "junk DNA," is now known to play important roles in gene regulation and other cellular processes. The Human Genome Project, completed in 2003, provided the first complete sequence of the human genome, opening new avenues for medical research. What does this passage suggest about our understanding of the human genome?