1. If you study hard, you'll get good grades. You got good grades. Therefore, you must have studied hard. This reasoning is:

2. In a group of 4 friends, if Emma is shorter than Jack, Jack is taller than Lily, and Lily is taller than Noah, who is definitely the shortest?

3. In a race, Sarah finished ahead of Tom, Tom finished behind Rachel, and Rachel finished ahead of Mike. Who finished last?

4. In a row of children, Sita is 10th from the left and 15th from the right. How many children are there in the row?

5. TANGIBLE : ABSTRACT ::

6. The human microbiome refers to the trillions of microorganisms, primarily bacteria, that live in and on the human body. These microorganisms play crucial roles in various aspects of human health, including digestion, immune function, and even mental health. Recent research has shown that the composition of the microbiome can be influenced by factors such as diet, lifestyle, and antibiotic use. Understanding the microbiome has opened up new avenues for medical research and potential treatments for various conditions. However, the complexity of the microbiome and its interactions with the human body present challenges for researchers. What does this passage suggest about the relationship between humans and microorganisms?

7. "Everyone I know agrees that this new law is terrible. Therefore, the law must be bad and should be repealed." Which fallacy is present in this reasoning?

8. A city implements a comprehensive recycling education program in schools. After one year, household recycling rates increase by 40%. What is the most probable effect of this increase?

9. All dogs in the park are friendly. Spot is in the park. Which of the following can be logically concluded?

10. In a fruit basket, there are apples, bananas, oranges, pears, and grapes. The number of bananas is more than oranges but less than apples. There are fewer pears than oranges, and grapes are the most numerous. What is the correct order of fruits from most to least?