1. A study finds that people who drink coffee live longer on average. The researchers conclude that coffee consumption increases lifespan. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen this conclusion?

2. A fitness trainer claims that people who exercise in the morning burn more calories throughout the day. Which of the following is an assumption underlying this claim?

3. All squares are rectangles. This shape is a rectangle. Therefore, this shape is a square. This argument is:

4. No fish are mammals. All whales are mammals. Therefore, no whales are fish. This argument is:

5. All cats are animals. Some animals are black. Therefore, some cats are black. This argument is:

6. If you study hard, you'll pass the exam. You didn't pass the exam. Therefore, you didn't study hard. This reasoning is:

7. If it's snowing, the temperature is below freezing. The temperature is below freezing. Therefore, it must be snowing. This reasoning is:

8. All dolphins are mammals. Some mammals live on land. Therefore, some dolphins live on land. This argument is:

9. All birds lay eggs. Penguins lay eggs. Therefore, penguins are birds. This argument is:

10. If it's raining, the streets are wet. The streets are not wet. Therefore, it's not raining. This reasoning is: